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Understanding the Brinell Hardness Scale

by BKite1

Developed in 1900 by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell, the
Brinell hardness scale is used to test the hardness of metal. The
Brinell test is one of the main three tests of hardness in the
steel industry, along with the Vickers and the Rockwell hardness
tests. The method involves indenting a test material with a
hardened steel or carbide ball that is 10 mm in diameter with a
load of 3000 kilograms. Be glad you only had to take your SAT,
because this test sounds like it'd be pretty painful to pass.

For softer surfaces, the load can be cut down as low as 500 kg
to prevent excess indentation. The load is normally applied for
10 to 15 seconds in the case of iron and steel and for at least
30 seconds with other metals. A microscope set to low power is
then used to measure the diameter of the indentation caused by
the test material. You should use the average of two readings of
the diameter of the impression at right angles to enhance the
accuracy of the results. The Brinell harness number is calculated
by dividing the load by the surface area of the indentation.

When quoting a Brinell hardness number, abbreviated to BHN or
HB, the load number must be specified as well as the material the
ball was made of. For example, HBS 20/3000 would mean that a
hardened steel ball indenter was used. The 20 is the ball's
diameter in millimeters, and the 3000 is the force in kilograms.

The Brinell hardness number of different types of steel varies
considerably based on several factors. Heat treatments are a
common way to change the BHN of the various kinds of steel. Heat
treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals to
alter their physical and mechanical properties without changing
the shape of the product. It is often associated with increasing
the strength of material, but it can also be used to alter
certain manufacturing objectives such as improving machining,
adjusting formability and restoring ductility after a cold
working operation. It helps with the manufacturing process, and
it also improves product performance by increasing strength and
other positive features.

Strangely enough, though, hot rolled steel is usually relatively
soft when compared to cold rolled steel. Hot rolled steel is made
when steel is forced through a set of work rolls at a high
temperature. Cold rolled steel is produced when it is forced
through at a lower temperature, below its re-crystallization
temperature. Hot rolled steel sheets are often used for framing
and general structural purposes in order to provide strength and
stability and in instances when rust proofing isn't necessary.

Cold rolled steel sheets and cold rolled steel coils are used
often in refrigerators and cars. Cold rolled steel is actually
formed after the hot rolled steel process. The cold rolled steel
sheet minimizes the thickness of the hot rolled steel and it also
increases its durability.

Brinell and Rockwell Hardness Scales are used as a quality
control indicator on all types of steel sheeting and plate during
the manufacturing process. It assists in assuring the customer
and end-user get the right grade of material for the job at
hand.

The Brinell hardness scale determines more than just the
hardness of hot rolled steel and cold rolled steel. It is used to
test a variety of different materials. Along with the Vickers
test and the Rockwell test, it is one of the main techniques to
measure the hardness of various metallic materials.

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